Learning Objectives
Sketchpad 3 is an image+vector editor built in HTML5. You can experiment with photos by painting new elements into the composition, add notes, manipulate graphics, overlay text on anything or go backwards and forwards in time infinitely through changes you make. Download Sketch 7.6.A.1.1 APK - Sketch is a neat app by Sony that provides you with tools to snap pictures and edit them in a fun way. Export Sketch, Figma, and Adobe XD to HTML or React. Get clean, responsive code components tailored to your team's conventions, with zero dependencies and minimal code refactoring. This is 'Spr5.1.2 - Multiply 3-digits by 1-digit' by White Rose Maths on Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them. Download this app from Microsoft Store for Windows 10. See screenshots, read the latest customer reviews, and compare ratings for Snip & Sketch.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain equipotential lines and equipotential surfaces.
- Describe the action of grounding an electrical appliance.
- Compare electric field and equipotential lines.
We can represent electric potentials (voltages) pictorially, just as we drew pictures to illustrate electric fields. Of course, the two are related. Consider Figure 1, which shows an isolated positive point charge and its electric field lines. Electric field lines radiate out from a positive charge and terminate on negative charges. While we use blue arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of the electric field, we use green lines to represent places where the electric potential is constant. These are called equipotential lines in two dimensions, or equipotential surfaces in three dimensions. The term equipotential is also used as a noun, referring to an equipotential line or surface. The potential for a point charge is the same anywhere on an imaginary sphere of radius r surrounding the charge. This is true since the potential for a point charge is given by [latex]V=frac{kQ}{r}[/latex] and, thus, has the same value at any point that is a given distance r from the charge. An equipotential sphere is a circle in the two-dimensional view of Figure 1. Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to the equipotential lines.
Figure 1. An isolated point charge Q with its electric field lines in blue and equipotential lines in green. The potential is the same along each equipotential line, meaning that no work is required to move a charge anywhere along one of those lines. Work is needed to move a charge from one equipotential line to another. Equipotential lines are perpendicular to electric field lines in every case.
It is important to note that equipotential lines are always perpendicular to electric field lines. No work is required to move a charge along an equipotential, since ΔV = 0. Thus the work is
W = −ΔPE = −qΔV = 0.
Work is zero if force is perpendicular to motion. Force is in the same direction as E, so that motion along an equipotential must be perpendicular to E. More precisely, work is related to the electric field by
W = Fd cos θ = qEd cos θ = 0.
Note that in the above equation, E and F symbolize the magnitudes of the electric field strength and force, respectively. Neither q nor E nor d is zero, and so cos θ must be 0, meaning θ must be 90º. In other words, motion along an equipotential is perpendicular to E.
One of the rules for static electric fields and conductors is that the electric field must be perpendicular to the surface of any conductor. This implies that a conductor is an equipotential surface in static situations. There can be no voltage difference across the surface of a conductor, or charges will flow. One of the uses of this fact is that a conductor can be fixed at zero volts by connecting it to the earth with a good conductor—a process called grounding. Grounding can be a useful safety tool. For example, grounding the metal case of an electrical appliance ensures that it is at zero volts relative to the earth.
Sketch 3 7 10
Grounding
A conductor can be fixed at zero volts by connecting it to the earth with a good conductor—a process called grounding.
Because a conductor is an equipotential, it can replace any equipotential surface. For example, in Figure 1 a charged spherical conductor can replace the point charge, and the electric field and potential surfaces outside of it will be unchanged, confirming the contention that a spherical charge distribution is equivalent to a point charge at its center.
Sketch 3 7 1st
Figure 2 shows the electric field and equipotential lines for two equal and opposite charges. Given the electric field lines, the equipotential lines can be drawn simply by making them perpendicular to the electric field lines. Conversely, given the equipotential lines, as in Figure 3a, the electric field lines can be drawn by making them perpendicular to the equipotentials, as in Figure 3b.
Figure 2. The electric field lines and equipotential lines for two equal but opposite charges. The equipotential lines can be drawn by making them perpendicular to the electric field lines, if those are known. Note that the potential is greatest (most positive) near the positive charge and least (most negative) near the negative charge.
Figure 3. (a) These equipotential lines might be measured with a voltmeter in a laboratory experiment. (b) The corresponding electric field lines are found by drawing them perpendicular to the equipotentials. Note that these fields are consistent with two equal negative charges.
Figure 4. The electric field and equipotential lines between two metal plates. Audio editor 1 4 1 download.
One of the most important cases is that of the familiar parallel conducting plates shown in Figure 4. Between the plates, the equipotentials are evenly spaced and parallel. The same field could be maintained by placing conducting plates at the equipotential lines at the potentials shown.
Sketch 3 7 11
An important application of electric fields and equipotential lines involves the heart. The heart relies on electrical signals to maintain its rhythm. The movement of electrical signals causes the chambers of the heart to contract and relax. When a person has a heart attack, the movement of these electrical signals may be disturbed. An artificial pacemaker and a defibrillator can be used to initiate the rhythm of electrical signals. The equipotential lines around the heart, the thoracic region, and the axis of the heart are useful ways of monitoring the structure and functions of the heart. An electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the small electric signals being generated during the activity of the heart. More about the relationship between electric fields and the heart is discussed in Energy Stored in Capacitors.
PhET Explorations: Charges and Fields
Move point charges around on the playing field and then view the electric field, voltages, equipotential lines, and more. It's colorful, it's dynamic, it's free.
Section Summary
- An equipotential line is a line along which the electric potential is constant.
- An equipotential surface is a three-dimensional version of equipotential lines.
- Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to electric field lines.
- The process by which a conductor can be fixed at zero volts by connecting it to the earth with a good conductor is called grounding.
Conceptual Questions
- What is an equipotential line? What is an equipotential surface?
- Explain in your own words why equipotential lines and surfaces must be perpendicular to electric field lines.
- Can different equipotential lines cross? Explain.
Problems & Exercises
- (a) Sketch the equipotential lines near a point charge +q. Indicate the direction of increasing potential. (b) Do the same for a point charge −3q.
- Sketch the equipotential lines for the two equal positive charges shown in Figure 5. Indicate the direction of increasing potential.
Figure 5. The electric field near two equal positive charges is directed away from each of the charges.
- Figure 6 shows the electric field lines near two charges q1 and q2, the first having a magnitude four times that of the second. Sketch the equipotential lines for these two charges, and indicate the direction of increasing potential.
- Sketch the equipotential lines a long distance from the charges shown in Figure 6. Indicate the direction of increasing potential.
- Sketch the equipotential lines in the vicinity of two opposite charges, where the negative charge is three times as great in magnitude as the positive. See Figure 6 for a similar situation. Indicate the direction of increasing potential.
- Sketch the equipotential lines in the vicinity of the negatively charged conductor in Figure 7. How will these equipotentials look a long distance from the object?
Figure 7. A negatively charged conductor.
- Sketch the equipotential lines surrounding the two conducting plates shown in Figure 8, given the top plate is positive and the bottom plate has an equal amount of negative charge. Be certain to indicate the distribution of charge on the plates. Is the field strongest where the plates are closest? Why should it be?
- (a) Sketch the electric field lines in the vicinity of the charged insulator in Figure 9. Note its non-uniform charge distribution. (b) Sketch equipotential lines surrounding the insulator. Indicate the direction of increasing potential.
Figure 9. A charged insulating rod such as might be used in a classroom demonstration.
- The naturally occurring charge on the ground on a fine day out in the open country is –1.00 nC/m2. (a) What is the electric field relative to ground at a height of 3.00 m? (b) Calculate the electric potential at this height. (c) Sketch electric field and equipotential lines for this scenario.
- The lesser electric ray (Narcine bancroftii) maintains an incredible charge on its head and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign on its tail (Figure 10). (a) Sketch the equipotential lines surrounding the ray. (b) Sketch the equipotentials when the ray is near a ship with a conducting surface. (c) How could this charge distribution be of use to the ray?
Figure 10. Lesser electric ray (Narcine bancroftii) (credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA's Fisheries Collection).
Glossary
equipotential line: a line along which the electric potential is constant
Sketch 3 7 18
Sketch 3 7 19
grounding: fixing a conductor at zero volts by connecting it to the earth or ground
$99 one-time payment
- The Mac app — yours to keep, forever
- Design and prototype with a powerful, native Mac app.
- One year of Mac app updates
- Stay up to date with new features and improvements.
- One year of saving to Cloud
- Your own Cloud workspace, with storage and version history for all your documents.
- A personal Cloud workspace
- Add people to documents for feedback and developer handoff.
Optional renewal $79 per year
Get another year of app updates and saving to Cloud. Or continue using the Mac app without renewing. No pressure. Learn more
